The study highlights the vulnerability of old-growth tropical forests to climate change, as shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns can significantly alter forest structure and biomass. Changes in forest biomass have implications for global carbon storage and climate regulation, potentially exacerbating climate change. Regions with montane forests, such as Africa and Asia, may experience distinct structural and functional changes due to their unique environmental conditions. The findings also suggest that forests in regions with extreme environmental conditions may face heightened risks of biomass loss, which could impact biodiversity and ecosystem services.